EU limits of enlargement

EU limits of enlargement Enlargement of the European Unionis the process of expanding theEuropean Union via the accession of newmember states. This process began with thefirst Six, who were the founding powers of theEuropean Coal and Steel Communitywhich was a precursor to the EU in 1952. Since then the EUs membership has increased to twenty seven with the more recent expansions includingBulgariaandRomaniain 2007.Currently there are negotiations under way with several countries who wish to begin the process of joining the EU. The process of enlargement is often calledEuropean integration. However, this term is also used to refer to the increased levels of co-operation between EU member states as individual national governments allow for the integration of more common national laws. (EU Online 2010) To be able to join the European Union a country needs to fulfil several economic and political conditions which are collectively called theCopenhagen criteria(after theCopenhagensummit in June 1993). Any prospecti ve member also needs to have a stable democratic government that respects the rule of international law, and its corresponding freedoms and institutions. According to theMaastricht Treaty, each current member state and theEuropean Parliamentmust agree to any enlargement. (EU Online 2010) Enlargement is counted among the EUs most successful foreign policies but it has also suffered from severe opposition.France has historically been opposed to enlargement. British membership vetoed by France because they feared the influence of the United States.(IISS 2008) France was also opposed to Portuguese, Spanish and Greek membership because they feared that these states were not ready and it would dilute the EU down to a free trade area(ESI 2006). The reason for the first member states to apply and for them to be accepted was economical while the second enlargement was much more to do with politics (IISS 2008). The southern Mediterranean countries in Europe had just emerged from dictatorships and single party governments and wanted to preserve the security of their democratic systems through the EU, while the EU wanted to ensure that their southern counterparts were stable democracies and to steer them away from any possible communist influence.These two principle factors, eco nomic and political security have been the driving force behind enlargements. However with the more recent enlargements in 2004 public opinion in Europe has turned against further expansion. It has also been acknowledged that enlargement has its limits, the EU cannot expand endlessly (ESI 2006). To understand the limits of enlargement we need to understand the effect that enlargement has on the eruopean union Since the spring of 2005, when the proposed European Constitutional Treaty was rejected in referenda in France and the Netherlands, debate on the drawbacks of enlargement has gained in intensity. Senior politicians across Europe have called for a slow-down, freeze or even a permanent halt to enlargement. Voices opposing enlargement regularly make headlines, creating the impression that the future of enlargement is hanging in the balance. (ESI 2006) One of the factors that turn public opinion against European enlargement is immigration. The members of the old Europe fear the influx of migrants that adding more members to the European Union would bring. The fact that several of the older member states public (Britain, France) are already hostile to foreign labour only makes this worse. Indeed immigration was the main reason that the constitution was defeated in the French and Dutch referenda in 2005. This migration also creates problems for prospective members as huge numbers of skilled workers leave for other EU countries. The new members will after the initial economic boom that comes with joining the EU fall into economic decline and demand more and more money from the EU budget to keep its economy afloat. (Palmer 2006) Further enlargement would also put more pressure on the European Unions already struggling administrative system the simple fact is that the European Union does not have the governance capacity to effectively run a union of twenty seven without adding another ten or fifteen new member states. With the failure of its planned constitution and the unpopularity of the Lisbon treaty it clearly lacks the required degree of integration needed for effective decision making and implementation. And the essential development of a transnationalEuropean democracyis still falling far behind the limited progress made in strengthening the EUs executive powers. (Palmer 2006) There seems little doubt that at that point classical EU enlargement will have reached its end. Of course major questions about the relationship to the EU of countries further east -Ukraine, Moldova,Belarusand the countries of theCaucasus(Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan) remain (Palmer 2006). But they will have to be solved through a different process involving more limited sovereignty-sharing with the EU. Indeed, this could become a more attractive model for Turkey in the nextdecade. It would be disastrous for peace stability and the spread of democracy in the wider European neighbourhood if enlargement shuddered to a halt now.(palmer 2006) But we need a definition of a wider European Commonwealth that does not bind both sides into the detailed legal structures drawn up fifty years ago for European countries facing quite different challenges.

Ode To The West Wind :: essays research papers

" Ode to the West Wind" was written by Percy Bysshe Shelley shortly before his death in 1822. Shelley spent the majority of his life in England where he was born to an upper class family. He attended Eton for his primary education and Oxford University until he was expelled for the publication of The Necessity of Atheism. Shortly after being expelled, Shelley married a commoner named Harriet Westbrook , which upset his family because of his wife’s low social standing. The marriage was short lived and Shelley quickly fell in love with Mary Godwin. Shelley continued writing throughout his life and his most notable works include "Ozamandias", "Laon and Cythna", and "Rosalind and Helen". Mary Shelley, Shelley’s wife who was also involved in literature, wrote Frankenstein. In 1822 Shelley drowned in a boating accident in the Gulf of Spieza. Shelly is mainly noted as the most passionate of the Romantic writers and for his usage of expe rimental styles in poetry. "Ode to the West Wind" was written by Shelley on a day when the weather was unpredictable and windy, the poem reflects the mood of the weather and expresses Shelley’s desire for creativeness and intellect. The first section of the poem focuses on the description of the colorful autumn leaves being stirred by the wind. The line " Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere; Destroyer and preserver.." shows the relationship between Shelley’s desire to create and nature’s force. The second section of the poem tells about the clouds in the sky that are forewarning " the locks of the approaching storm". The fierce storm clouds represent Shelley’s frustration in his lack of original ideas. The third section relates the winds effect on the waves in the sea, which Shelley describes as ".. Grey with fear and tremble and despoil themselves†¦". In the fourth section of the poem Shelley shows his desire to be the autumn leaves, tempest clouds, and turbulent waves so that he to can be effected by the wind and nature the way the objects are.

Ethical System Table

Directions: 1. Fill in brief definitions of each primary ethical theory. 2. Identify alternate names or variations of each ethical system based on your reading of the text and supplemental materials. Match the real-world examples listed below with the corresponding systems. The first one has been completed for you in the table. a. I believe people should be able to eat sand if they like the taste of it. b. I believe that if sand is going to be eaten, it should be available for everyone to eat. c. I believe people should be able to eat sand because it is the right thing to do. . I believe people should be able to eat sand because it is good for one’s health. e. I believe people should be able to eat sand if they decide they want to, regardless of whether it is someone else’s sand. f. I believe people should be able to eat sand if they want to because they are free to make the decision themselves. g. I believe I will eat sand because it is the standard meal for my communi ty. 3. Develop your own workplace example that fits with each system. Present each workplace scenario in a substantial paragraph of approximately 40 words. Although the table field will expand to accommodate your workplace examples, you may list them at the end of the table; make a note in the table to see the attached examples, however, so your facilitator knows to look for scenarios below the table. 4. Format references according to APA standards and include them after the table. |Ethical Theory or |Brief Definition |Other Names for Theory |Real-world Example|Workplace Example | |System | | | | | Duty-based Ethics |Regardless of consequences, |Deontology, pluralism, |C |It is my duty to follow through with | | |certain moral principles are |moral rights, rights-based|I believe people |instructions my boss gives me, even if I | | |binding, focusing on duty rather | |should be able to |do not agree with the concept. It is my | | |than results or moral obligation |Categorical imperative |eat sand because |moral obligation to respect authority | | |over what the individual would | |it is the right |figures. | | |prefer to do (Trevino & Nelson, |Golden rule |thing to do. | | | |2007, Ch. 4). | | | | | | | | | | |In ethics, deontological ethics, | | | | | |or deontology (Greek: deon meaning| | | | | |obligation or duty), is a theory | | | | | |holding that decisions should be | | | | | |made solely or primarily by | | | | | |considering one's duties and the | | | | | |rights of others. Some systems are| | | | | |based on biblical or tenets from | | | | | |sacred. | | | | |Consequence-based |â€Å"†¦an ethical decision should |Consequentialist Theories |B | | |Ethics |maximize benefits to society and | |I believe that if |I know that we signed a contract for a big| | |minimize harms. What matters is |Utilitarianism |sand is going to |new client but we can’t announce it until | | |the net balance of good | |be eaten, it |next month. The benefits to morale of the | | |consequences over bad† (Trevino & | |should be |company and employees outweigh the | | |Nelson, 2007, Ch. 4). | |available for |consequences of making an early | | | | |everyone to eat. |announcement. I should make the | | | | | |announcement. |Rights-based Ethics |Rights are considered to be |Contractarianism |A | | | |ethically correct and valid since |Social Contract |I believe people |Employees have the right to expect a safe | | |a large or ruling population | |should be able to |working environment since that is part of | | |endorses them (Ridley, 1998). | |eat sand if they |the social contract in modern America. | | | | |like the taste of | | | | | |it. | |Human Nature Ethics |Ethical values that are hard coded| |D | | | |into people as being part of the |â€Å"Common Courtesyâ₠¬  |I believe people |A co-worker has the need to switch shifts | | |human race. Natural tendencies | |should be able to |to care for a sick family member. If the | | |instead of man-made law for making| |eat sand because |other individual doesn’t have a pressing | | |decisions. | |it is good for |engagement it would be nice to switch the | | | | |one’s health. |shift and help them out. | | | | | | |Relativistic Ethics |Moral disagreements are caused by |Moral Relativism |F | | | |the fact that everyone in theory | |I believe people |Based on the position someone has in a | | |is right in their own way. |â€Å"When in Rome, do as the |should be able to |company it may not be appropriate for them| | |Individuals only have to be true |Romans do. |eat sand if they |to have visible piercings or tattoos when | | |to themselves and no one else. | |want to because |a more professional demeanor needs to be | | | | |they are free to |maintained. Others may be able to since it | | | | |make the decision |doesn’t affect their performance or the | | | | |themselves. |company image in their position. | | | | | | |Entitlement-based | | |E | | |Ethics | | |I believe people | | | | | |should be able to | | | | | |eat sand if they | | | | | |decide they want | | | | | |to, regardless of | | | | | |whether it is | | | | | |someone else’s | | | | | |sand. | |Virtue-based ethics | | | | | | |The virtue ethics approach focuses|Community ethics, |G |The quality control team in our company | | |more on the integrity of the moral|professional |I believe I will |has to carry food handlers and safety | | |actor than on the moral act |responsibility |eat sand because |cards. I should be able to trust that food| | |itself. In virtue ethics, |The Disclosure Rule |it is the standard|provided as sample meets the standards of | | |character is very much defined by | |meal for my |the guidelines that they accepted when | | |one’s community (Trevino & Nelson,| |community. |getting that certification. | | |2007, Ch. 4). | | | | Reference Trevino, L. K. , & Nelson, K. A. (2007). Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right (4th ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Ridley, Aaron. (1998). Beginning Bioethics. New York: St. Martin's Press.

The Marginal Propensity Of Consume - 762 Words

The marginal propensity to consume, sometimes referred to simply as MPC, is used to determine what part of an entity s extra money is consumed, or spent. MPC indicates how consuming changes as income changes. It can be expressed as the ratio of an entity s change in spending over its change in income. For example, imagine a business began earning $200 extra per month. The business than begins to spend an extra $100 per month. The MPC is 50 percent; of each extra dollar the company earns, about 50 cents is spent. The marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is a metric that quantifies induced consumption, the concept that the increase in personal consumer spending occurs with an increase in disposable income. The proportion of disposable income which individuals spend on consumption is known as propensity to consume. MPC is the proportion of additional income that an individual consumes. For example, if a household earns one extra dollar of disposable income, and the marginal propensity t o consume is 0.65, then of that dollar, the household will spend 65 cents and save 35 cents. Obviously, the household cannot spend more than the extra dollar. According to John Maynard Keynes (1936), marginal propensity to consume is less than one. The Multiplier MPC s importance depends on the multiplier theory. MPC determines the value of the multiplier. The higher the MPC, the higher the multiplier and vice versa. A small change in the aggregate demand initially can give a final wideShow MoreRelatedMacroeconomics and Equilibrium Level1394 Words   |  6 Pagesconsumption you calculated, what is the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) for this economy? Is this the same as the parameter of the consumption function that represents the marginal propensity to consume? c. Write out the saving function for this economy. (HINT: S = YD – C. Substitute for C from the information above and simplify the right side of the equation). What is the level of saving when YD = 0? Explain how and why this occurs. What is the marginal propensity to save for this economy? HowRead MoreJohn Maynard Keynes : Multiplier Effect1603 Words   |  7 PagesInterest, and Money.† This book written by Keynes was undoubtedly his most notable work and contributed to the actions the US took to get out of the Great Depression. Not only did this work introduce importance concepts of the consumption function, the marginal efficiency of capital, the principle of effective demand and liquidity preference, but it also introduced Keynes’ analysis of the multiplier (The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money.). Although Keynes passed away in 1946, he is consideredRead MoreConsumption Function, Autonomous Consumption, And Marginal Propensity974 Words   |  4 Pages1. Explain and give examples of the Consumption Function, Autonomous Consumption, and Marginal Propensity to Consume. †¢ Consumption Function – The relationship between consumption spending and the level of income o C = Ca + by o Example: Income, wealth, interest rates, age, education, and family size are all part of spending, depending on your level of income. o The life-cycle theory assumes that household members choose their current expenditures optimally, taking account of their spending needsRead MoreEffect Of Consumption On Disposable Personal Income Essay701 Words   |  3 Pagesof the marginal propensity to consume is the ratio of the change in the consumption to the change in disposable personal income.(Rittenberg Tregarthen, 2009, p. 308) We can write it this way: MPC=Change in Consumption Divided by Change in Disposable Personal Income. (AmosWeb, 2014) Every household will have their own marginal propensity to consume, in macro economics we are not focusing on just one household but the economy as a whole. That is why we need a formula to calculate marginal propensityRead MoreAssignment Solution1544 Words   |  7 Pagesequals zero. False. When disposable income equals zero, consumption is still positive due to autonomous consumption/consumer confidence/c0. 3. The multiplier is greater than 1 if T = 0 and G = 0. True. If the marginal propensity to consume is less than 1, it means that people consume less than 100% of their disposable income. It also implies that the multiplier is greater 1 (you can also write down the formula of the multiplier and indicate c1 is less than 1). The fact that T = 0 and G = 0 isRead MoreMilton Friedman And John Keynes Are Two World Renowned1143 Words   |  5 Pageshave contradicting ideologies when it comes to the consumer. In economics, the marginal propensity to consume(MPC) is a metric that measures instigated consumption, the idea that the increase in individual shopper spending happens with an expansion in extra cash (salary after expenses and taxes). The extent of extra cash which people spend on utilization is known as propensity to consume. The marginal propensity to consume, â€Å" is equal to ΔC / ΔY, where ΔC is change in consumption, and ΔY is change inRead MoreEconomics1000 Words   |  4 Pages C = $100 + .8($1000) = $100 + $800 = $900. 1. Using the above figure calculate the marginal propensity to consume between the aggregate income levels of $80 and $100. Also explain why this consumption function is linear. The marginal propensity to consume is equal to $15/$20 = .75. The consumption function is linear because the marginal propensity to consume is constant and therefore the slope is the same throughout all income levels. 2. Assume consumption isRead MoreThe Impact Of International Trade Between Australia And China1051 Words   |  5 Pagesand autonomous consumption results in the upward shift of the PAE curve (from PAE0 to PAE1) by an amount equal to the change in the level of these exogenous factors (ΔI + X + C bar + ). The slope of the PAE curve does not change because marginal propensity to consume remains constant. The equilibrium level of GDP increases from Y* to Y** due to upward shift of the PAE curve. Hence, Australia’s trade relationship with China played a pivotal role in assisting its economy avoid a recession. There wasRead MoreBrazil Consumption1092 Words   |  5 Pagesout between National Income and Consumption of Brazil, the consumption function can be written as Consumption = Constant + MPC * National Income Consumption = 78299.0234375 + 0.76072871685028 * National Income Marginal Propensity to Consume The Marginal Propensity across the period has been calculated using the Consumption Function as mentioned above. The National Income and Consumption data has been used for the respective year for this calculation. [pic] The MPC for all periodRead MoreEssay about General Theory of Employment1708 Words   |  7 PagesInvoluntary Employment is related with wages, marginal productivity of labor, utility and dis-utility of the work. Full Employment is a signifier that labor is willing to work at the given wage rate that corresponding to the social cost. The wage at which he is wiling to work corresponds to his economic contribution which is equal to social product or the the social cost of the product. In such condition the wage that is been offered to the marginal unit of the labor is in real terms. These wages